Semanlink - Machine learning: problems AND Unsupervised machine learning

a language
model with access to information available in a
KB, no assumptions
about the availability of additional components
(such as Named Entity Taggers) or annotations

> While classes of
named entities (e.g., person or location) occur frequently,
each individual name (e.g, Atherton or
Zhouzhuang) may be observed infrequently even
in a very large corpus of text. As a result language
models learn to represent accurately only the most
popular named entities

> knowing that Alice is a name
used to refer to a person should give ample information
about the context in which the word may
occur (e.g., Bob visited Alice).

> ---

> extends a traditional **RNN LM**

> we enhance a traditional LM with a
gating mechanism that controls whether a particular
word is modeled as a general word or as a reference
to an entity
>
> We train the model end-to-end
with only the traditional predictive language modeling
perplexity objective
>
> KALM is trained end-to-end using
a predictive objective on large corpus of text.

> To the best of our knowledge, KALM is the first
unsupervised neural NER approach.

> KALM extends a traditional, RNN-based neural
LM.

2022-08-31 A propos

Unsupervised Learning — Sentence-Transformers documentation

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2022-08-20 A propos

What Makes a Good Classification Example?

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2022-08-16 A propos

Train and Fine-Tune Sentence Transformers Models

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Sentence-BERT

2022-08-13 A propos

[2207.06300] Re2G: Retrieve, Rerank, Generate

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2022-07-14 A propos

[2205.00820] Entity-aware Transformers for Entity Search

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2022-07-12 A propos

sentence bert model in onnx format · Issue #46 · UKPLab/sentence-transformers

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2022-06-13 A propos

[2205.15952] Knowledge Graph -- Deep Learning: A Case Study in Question Answering in Aviation Safety Domain

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2022-06-11 A propos

Domain transfer with GGPL: German Generative Pseudo Labeling 🥨 | by Matthias Richter | Jun, 2022 | ML6team

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2022-06-02 A propos

Nils Reimers sur Twitter : "GPL goes multi-lingual..."

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2022-06-01 A propos

[2205.04260] EASE: Entity-Aware Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embedding

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2022-05-11 A propos

Ramsri Goutham Golla sur Twitter : "Hi @Nils_Reimers For GPL you used "msmarco-distilbert-base-tas-b" model and ..."

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2022-04-27 A propos

[2110.08151] mLUKE: The Power of Entity Representations in Multilingual Pretrained Language Models

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[Ikuya Yamada sur Twitter : "Is entity representation effective to improve multilingual language models?..."](doc:2022/04/ikuya_yamada_sur_twitter_is_)

> Recent studies have shown that multilingual pretrained language models can be effectively improved with cross-lingual alignment information from Wikipedia entities. However, **existing methods only exploit entity information in pretraining and do not explicitly use entities in downstream tasks**. In this study, we explore the **effectiveness of leveraging entity representations for downstream cross-lingual tasks**.
>
> the key insight is that incorporating entity representations into the input allows us to extract more language-agnostic features.

[Github](https://github.com/studio-ousia/luke)

> Entity representations are known to enhance
language models in mono-lingual settings
(Zhang et al., 2019: [ERNIE](tag:ernie.html); Peters et al., 2019:  [[1909.04164] Knowledge Enhanced Contextual Word Representations](doc:2020/05/1909_04164_knowledge_enhanced); Wang et al.,
2021 [[1911.06136] KEPLER: A Unified Model for Knowledge Embedding and Pre-trained Language Representation](doc:2020/11/1911_06136_kepler_a_unified_); Xiong et al., 2020; Yamada et al., 2020: [[2010.01057] LUKE: Deep Contextualized Entity Representations with Entity-aware Self-attention](doc:2020/11/2010_01057_luke_deep_context))
presumably by introducing real-world knowledge.
We show that using entity representations facilitates
cross-lingual transfer by providing languageindependent
features.
>
> Multilingual extension of LUKE. The model is trained with the multilingual
masked language modeling (MLM) task as well
as the masked entity prediction (MEP) task with
Wikipedia entity embeddings

> We investigate two ways of using the entity representations
in cross-lingual transfer tasks:
> 1. perform
entity linking for the input text, and append
the detected entity tokens to the input sequence.
The entity tokens are expected to provide language independent
features to the model
> 2. use the entity
[MASK] token from the MEP task as a languageindependent
feature extractor.

2022-04-17 A propos

Ikuya Yamada sur Twitter : "Is entity representation effective to improve multilingual language models?..."

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2022-04-13 A propos

Tengyu Ma sur Twitter : "Pretraining is ≈SoTA for domain adaptation..."

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2022-04-13 A propos

EASE: Entity-Aware Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embedding | Papers With Code

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2022-04-08 A propos

[2203.10581] Cluster & Tune: Boost Cold Start Performance in Text Classification

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[Leshem Choshen sur Twitter : "Labelled data is scarce, what can we do?..."](doc:2022/04/leshem_choshen_sur_twitter_l)

> **One-sentence Summary**: we suggest adding an unsupervised intermediate classification step, before finetunning and after pretraining BERT, and show it improves performance for data-constrained cases.

> for text classification cold start (when labeled
data is scarce), **add an intermediate unsupervised
classification task**, between the pretraining
and fine-tuning phases:
> perform clustering and
train the pre-trained model on predicting the
cluster labels.

> this additional
classification phase can significantly improve
performance, mainly for **topical classification**
tasks

> we use an efficient clustering technique,
that relies on simple Bag Of Words (BOW)
representations, to partition the unlabeled training
data into relatively homogeneous clusters of text
instances.
>
> Next, we treat these clusters as labeled
data for an intermediate text classification task, and
train the pre-trained model – with or without additional
MLM pretraining – with respect to this
multi-class problem, prior to the final fine-tuning
over the actual target-task labels

> The underlying
intuition is that inter-training the model
over a related text classification task would be more
beneficial compared to MLM inter-training, which
focuses on different textual entities, namely predicting
the identity of a single token.

2022-04-06 A propos

Leshem Choshen sur Twitter : "Labelled data is scarce, what can we do?..."

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2022-04-06 A propos

[2008.11228] A simple method for domain adaptation of sentence embeddings

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2022-04-01 A propos

[1910.06294] Training Compact Models for Low Resource Entity Tagging using Pre-trained Language Models

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2022-03-31 A propos

[2004.05119] Beyond Fine-tuning: Few-Sample Sentence Embedding Transfer

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2022-03-31 A propos

Sentence Transformer Fine-Tuning (SetFit): Outperforming GPT-3 on few-shot Text-Classification while being 1600 times smaller | by Moshe Wasserblat (2021-12)

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2022-03-31 A propos

Nils Reimers sur Twitter : "Great post on SetFit"

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2022-03-31 A propos

Sentence Embedding Fine-tuning for the French Language | by La Javaness R&D | Feb, 2022 | Medium

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2022-03-31 A propos

Domain Adaptation — Sentence-Transformers documentation

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2022-03-31 A propos

[2203.14655] Few-Shot Learning with Siamese Networks and Label Tuning

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> the problem of building text classifiers with little or no training data.
>
> In recent years, an approach based on neural textual entailment models has been found to give strong results on a diverse range of tasks.

(cf. #[NLI](tag:nli), using the input text as the premise and the text representing the label as the hypothesis)

> In this work, we show that **with proper pre-training, Siamese Networks that embed texts and labels** offer a competitive alternative.
>
> We introduce **label tuning: fine-tuning the label embeddings only**. While giving lower performance than model fine-tuning (which updates all params of the model), this approach has the architectural advantage that a single encoder can be shared by many different tasks (we only fine-tune the label embeddings)
> The drop in quality can
be compensated by using a variant of **[Knowledge distillation](tag:knowledge_distillation)**

[Github](https://tinyurl.com/label-tuning), [Tweet](doc:2022/03/thomas_muller_sur_twitter_pa)

2022-03-30 A propos

[2006.00632] Neural Unsupervised Domain Adaptation in NLP---A Survey

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2022-03-30 A propos

Domain adaptation of word embeddings through the exploitation of in-domain corpora and knowledge bases (PhD Thesis 2021)

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Thèse de Hicham El Boukkouri, univ Paris-Saclay

[Github](https://github.com/helboukkouri/phd-code)

### Goal

Given a target specialized domain, improve the quality of general-domain
word representations using in-domain corpora and/or knowledge bases

### Contributions

#### a method for specializing general-domain embeddings in a [Low-Resource](tag:nlp_low_resource_scenarios) context.

> - train static representations on the task corpus, 
> - resume the
pre-training of general-domain contextual embeddings on the same task corpus,
> - finally, combine both static and contextual representations into
one final model

#### we tackle the issue of using a general-domain vocabulary in a specialized domain

#### Evaluation of  re-training vs training from scratch on specialized corpora using a specialized vocabulary

training from scratch better, but not that much: re-training from a general model
is still appropriate as it is less expensive and leads to comparable, although
slightly lower, performance

#### Regarding subword-based tokenization systems
> we argue that they are inconvenient in practice -> CharacterBERT, a variant
of BERT that uses ELMo’s character-based system instead of WordPieces. More convenient ti use, superior robustness to misspellings

#### Ways to specialize general-domain representations using knowledge bases

a strong baseline using a simple
method relying on graph embeddings and concatenation, using only is_a relation

> both static and contextual embeddings may effectively be
specialized using this simple approach

#### Knowledge Injection Modules (KIM) that
inject the knowledge representations directly within the BERT-like models' architecture

### Notes

> our experiments focused on a single
setting (i.e. the medical domain and the English language)

> meta-embeddings, an approach that consists in combining
different sets of representations for achieving improved performance

2022-03-23 A propos

GuideToTransformersDomainAdaptation.ipynb - Colaboratory

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2022-03-18 A propos

NLP | How to add a domain-specific vocabulary (new tokens) to a subword tokenizer already trained like BERT WordPiece | by Pierre Guillou | Medium

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2022-03-18 A propos

Retraining roberta-base using the RoBERTa MLM Procedure | Medium

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2022-03-18 A propos

Studio Ousia sur Twitter : "Now using LUKE is easier than ever!" / Twitter

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2022-03-15 A propos

Document Matching for Job Descriptions | Semantic Scholar (2021)

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2022-03-09 A propos

Unsupervised Training of Retrievers Using GenQ (The Art of Asking Questions with GenQ) | Pinecone

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2022-03-09 A propos

NAVER LABS Europe : "@Nils_Reimers of @huggingface on 'Unsupervised domain adaptation for neural search'"

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2022-03-09 A propos

[2109.06304] Phrase-BERT: Improved Phrase Embeddings from BERT with an Application to Corpus Exploration

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2022-02-25 A propos

Nils Reimers sur Twitter : "Creating intent classes for chatbots is challenging This tutorial shows how to use sentence-transformers to find potentially overlapping intent classes and how to improve your data annotation work." / Twitter

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2022-02-19 A propos

Nils Reimers sur Twitter : "how to use the fast clustering algorithm from sentence-transformers..."

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2022-02-19 A propos

Semantic Keyword Clustering For 10,000+ Keywords [With Script]

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2022-02-18 A propos

sentence-transformers/fast_clustering.py at master · UKPLab/sentence-transformers

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2022-02-18 A propos

gsarti/scibert-nli · Hugging Face

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2022-01-29 A propos

Semantic Search — Sentence-Transformers documentation

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2022-01-29 A propos

[2108.13934] Robust Retrieval Augmented Generation for Zero-shot Slot Filling

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2022-01-19 A propos

Domain Transfer with BERT | Pinecone

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2022-01-04 A propos

[2112.09118] Towards Unsupervised Dense Information Retrieval with Contrastive Learning

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2021-12-21 A propos

Using pretrained SBERT model in cross-encoder · Issue #726 · UKPLab/sentence-transformers

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2021-12-17 A propos

Advance BERT model via transferring knowledge from Cross-Encoders to Bi-Encoders | by Chien Vu | Towards Data Science

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2021-12-17 A propos

[2112.07577] GPL: Generative Pseudo Labeling for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation of Dense Retrieval

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An unsupervised domain adaptation technique for dense retrieval models

1. synthetic queries
are generated for each passage from the target corpus (using an existing pre-trained [T5](tag:text_to_text_transfer_transformer)
encoder-decoder)
2. the generated queries are used for mining negative
passages (retrieving the most similar
paragraphs using an existing dense retrieval
model == hard negatives!)
3. the query-passage pairs are labeled by a cross-encoder and used to train the domain-adapted
dense retriever (using method described in [Hofstätter et al.,
2020](doc:2021/12/2010_02666_improving_efficien))

[Nils Reimers sur Twitter](doc:2021/12/nils_reimers_sur_twitter_do_), [GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/gpl),  by the author of [TSDAE](doc:2021/09/2104_06979_tsdae_using_trans)

Claims to improve "Doc2Query" [Document Expansion by Query Prediction](doc:2022/01/1904_08375_document_expansion): ([src](https://twitter.com/KexinWang2049/status/1471435779415150598))

> - GPL: Uses doc2query to construct synthetic data and does knowledge distillation (i.e. training) on that data.
> - Doc2query: Generates queries to extend the documents and use BM25 on top of them w/o training.

2021-12-15 A propos

Nils Reimers sur Twitter : "Do dense retrieval models work out-of-the-box for your specific domain? Often the answer was No😢..."

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2021-12-15 A propos

Semantic search through a vectorized Wikipedia (SentenceBERT) with the Weaviate vector search engine

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2021-12-05 A propos

Unsupervised_Extractive_Summarization - a Hugging Face Space by Hellisotherpeople

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2021-12-03 A propos

Unsupervised Training for Sentence Transformers | Pinecone

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2021-11-24 A propos

How to Fine-Tune Sentence-BERT for Question Answering | Capital One

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2021-11-21 A propos

Multilingual Sentence Transformers | Pinecone

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2021-11-04 A propos

Next-Gen Sentence Embeddings with Multiple Negatives Ranking Loss | Pinecone

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2021-10-27 A propos

Sentence Embeddings and Transformers | Pinecone

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2021-10-23 A propos

[2106.13474] Adapt-and-Distill: Developing Small, Fast and Effective Pretrained Language Models for Domains

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2021-10-21 A propos

[1908.11860] Adapt or Get Left Behind: Domain Adaptation through BERT Language Model Finetuning for Aspect-Target Sentiment Classification

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2021-10-21 A propos

Application of Self-Organizing Maps in Text Clustering: A Review | IntechOpen (2012)

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2021-10-17 A propos

Incremental Clustering - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

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Incremental Clustering

2021-10-17 A propos

[1712.05972] Train Once, Test Anywhere: Zero-Shot Learning for Text Classification

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2021-10-16 A propos

[2010.07245] Text Classification Using Label Names Only: A Language Model Self-Training Approach

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2021-10-16 A propos

Sahajtomar/french_semantic · Hugging Face

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2021-10-14 A propos

[2010.12566] DICT-MLM: Improved Multilingual Pre-Training using Bilingual Dictionaries

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2021-09-06 A propos

[2104.06979] TSDAE: Using Transformer-based Sequential Denoising Auto-Encoder for Unsupervised Sentence Embedding Learning

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> The most
successful previous approaches like InferSent (Conneau
et al., 2017), Universial Sentence Encoder
(USE) (Cer et al., 2018) and SBERT (Reimers and
Gurevych, 2019) heavily relied on labeled data to
train sentence embedding models.
>
> TSDAE can
achieve up to 93.1% of the performance of indomain
supervised approaches. Further, we
show that TSDAE is **a strong domain adaptation
and pre-training method for sentence
embeddings**, significantly outperforming other
approaches like Masked Language Model.

> During training, TSDAE
encodes corrupted sentences into fixed-sized
vectors and requires the decoder to reconstruct the
original sentences from this sentence embedding.

- <https://www.sbert.net/examples/unsupervised_learning/TSDAE/README.html>
- [github](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers/tree/master/examples/unsupervised_learning/TSDAE)
- [UKPLab/sentence-transformers: Sentence Embeddings with BERT & XLNet](doc:2020/07/ukplab_sentence_transformers_s)
- [twitter](https://twitter.com/KexinWang2049/status/1433361957579538432):

> **TSDAE can learn domain-specific sentence embeddings with unlabeled sentences**
>
> Most importantly, instead of STS (Semantic Textual Similarity), **we suggest evaluating unsupervised sentence embeddings on the domain-specific tasks&datasets, which is the real use case for them**. Actually, STS scores do not correlate with performance on specific tasks.

2021-09-01 A propos

[2107.00676] A Primer on Pretrained Multilingual Language Models

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2021-07-13 A propos

Semantic Search with S-BERT is all you need

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2021-06-05 A propos

Improving Quality of Search Results Clustering with Approximate Matrix Factorisations (2006)

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Lingo

2021-06-02 A propos

Simple Unsupervised Keyphrase Extraction using Sentence Embeddings - ACL Anthology (2018)

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2021-05-31 A propos

Carrot2 search results clustering engine (online)

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Carrot2

2021-05-27 A propos

Clustering of semantically enriched short texts (2018)

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2021-05-26 A propos

A review of conceptual clustering algorithms

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2021-05-26 A propos

Integrating Document Clustering and Multidocument Summarization

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2021-05-25 A propos

[2001.11631] Enhancement of Short Text Clustering by Iterative Classification

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2021-05-20 A propos

[2103.12953] Supporting Clustering with Contrastive Learning

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2021-05-20 A propos

A Self-Training Approach for Short Text Clustering - (Hadifar 2019)

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2021-05-20 A propos

Nils Reimers sur Twitter : "SBERT Release v1.1.0"

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2021-04-22 A propos

Simultaneous Categorization of Text Documents And Identification of Cluster-dependent Keywords (2003)

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Clustering of text documents

2021-04-20 A propos

A Survey of Text Clustering Algorithms - C. C. Aggarwal (2012)

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2021-04-20 A propos

[2011.05864] On the Sentence Embeddings from Pre-trained Language Models

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2021-04-19 A propos

SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings

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2021-04-18 A propos

Nils Reimers sur Twitter : "New models for Neural Information Retrieval..."

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2021-04-17 A propos

[2007.12603] IR-BERT: Leveraging BERT for Semantic Search in Background Linking for News Articles

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2021-04-12 A propos

[2007.15779] Domain-Specific Language Model Pretraining for Biomedical Natural Language Processing

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2021-04-11 A propos

exBERT: Extending Pre-trained Models with Domain-specific Vocabulary Under Constrained Training Resources - ACL Anthology

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**Focus on the Embedding of Domain-specific Vocabulary.**

> exBERT
adds a new domain-specific vocabulary and the corresponding
embedding layer, as well as a small
extension module to the original unmodified model

> a pretraining
method allowing **low-cost embedding of
domain-specific vocabulary in the context of an
existing large pre-trained model such as BERT**

> exBERT... explicitly incorporates
the new domain’s vocabulary, while being able to
**reuse the original pre-trained model’s weights as is**
to reduce required computation and training data. Specifically, exBERT extends BERT by augmenting
its embeddings for the original vocabulary with
new embeddings for the domain-specific vocabulary
via **a learned small “extension” module**. **The
output of the original and extension modules are
combined via a trainable weighted sum operation**

In a way similar to concept developed in

> [[1902.00751] Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning for NLP](doc:2021/04/1902_00751_parameter_efficien), but not in the fine-tuning paradigm.

[Github](https://github.com/cgmhaicenter/exBERT)

2021-04-11 A propos

[1901.04085] Passage Re-ranking with BERT

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2021-03-26 A propos

SentenceTransformers Documentation

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2021-03-25 A propos

Rodrigo Nogueira sur Twitter : "Slides of our WSDM 2021 tutorial "Pretrained Transformers for Text Ranking: BERT and Beyond"

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2021-03-09 A propos

Distill our @huggingface zero-shot classifier with your specified class names

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2021-02-23 A propos

Zero-shot classifier distillation at master · huggingface/transformers

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2021-02-23 A propos

Zero-Shot Learning in Modern NLP | Joe Davison Blog (2020-05)

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2021-02-23 A propos

kamalkraj/BERT-NER: Pytorch-Named-Entity-Recognition-with-BERT

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2021-02-07 A propos

[1911.03681] E-BERT: Efficient-Yet-Effective Entity Embeddings for BERT

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> way of **injecting factual knowledge about entities into the pretrained BERT model**.

(Feeding entity vectors
into BERT as if they
were wordpiece vectors without additional encoder
pretraining)

>
> **We align [Wikipedia2Vec](tag:wikipedia2vec) entity vectors (Yamada et al., 2016) with BERT's native wordpiece vector space and use the aligned entity vectors as if they were wordpiece vectors**. The resulting entity-enhanced version of BERT (called E-BERT) is similar in spirit to [ERNIE](tag:ernie) (Zhang et al., 2019) and [KnowBert](tag:knowbert) (Peters et al., 2019), but it **requires no expensive further pretraining of the BERT encoder**.
>
> Our vector space alignment strategy is inspired by
cross-lingual word vector alignment

Related work on Entity-enhanced BERT:

> ([ERNIE](doc:2019/08/_1905_07129_ernie_enhanced_la) and [Knowbert](doc:2020/05/1909_04164_knowledge_enhanced)) are based on the design principle
that BERT be adapted to entity vectors. They introduce
new encoder layers to feed pretrained entity
vectors into the Transformer, and they require additional
pretraining to integrate the new parameters.
In contrast, E-BERT’s design principle is that entity
vectors be adapted to BERT.
>
> Two other knowledge-enhanced MLMs are [KEPLER](doc:2020/11/1911_06136_kepler_a_unified_)
(Wang et al., 2019c) and K-Adapter (Wang
et al., 2020)... Their factual knowledge
does not stem from entity vectors – instead, they
are trained in a multi-task setting on relation classification
and knowledge base completion.

Not to be cofounded with [[2009.02835] E-BERT: A Phrase and Product Knowledge Enhanced Language Model for E-commerce](doc:2020/12/2009_02835_e_bert_a_phrase_a)

2021-01-12 A propos

[2009.02835] E-BERT: A Phrase and Product Knowledge Enhanced Language Model for E-commerce

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2020-12-14 A propos

Supporting content decision makers with machine learning | Dec, 2020 | Netflix TechBlog

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2020-12-11 A propos

[2004.10964] Don't Stop Pretraining: Adapt Language Models to Domains and Tasks

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2020-12-01 A propos

Domain-Specific BERT Models · Chris McCormick

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Domain-Specific BERT

2020-12-01 A propos

[2010.01057] LUKE: Deep Contextualized Entity Representations with Entity-aware Self-attention

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2020-11-26 A propos

raphaelsty/ckb: Contextual knowledge bases

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2020-11-09 A propos

[1911.06136] KEPLER: A Unified Model for Knowledge Embedding and Pre-trained Language Representation

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2020-11-03 A propos

[2010.03496] Inductive Entity Representations from Text via Link Prediction

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BLP "BERT for Link Prediction". Central idea: **training an entity encoder with a
link prediction objective** (using the textual descriptions of entities when computing entity representations - hence not failing with entities unknown in training)

> a method for **learning representations
of entities**, that uses a **pre-trained Transformer** based
architecture as an entity encoder, and
**link prediction training on a knowledge graph
with textual entity descriptions**.

> using entity descriptions,
an entity encoder is trained for link prediction in
a knowledge graph. The encoder can then be used
without fine-tuning to obtain features for entity classification
and information retrieval

Cites [Xie et al](doc:2020/10/representation_learning_of_know) and [Kepler](doc:2020/11/1911_06136_kepler_a_unified_). They claim that their
objective targeted exclusively for link prediction (and not an objective that combines language modeling
and link prediction as Kepler)
performs better than Kepler's more complex one.

2020-11-03 A propos

Towards Unsupervised Text Classification Leveraging Experts and Word Embeddings - (ACL 2019)

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2020-10-05 A propos

Unsupervised text classification with word embeddings - Max Halford

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2020-10-05 A propos

[2010.00402] From Trees to Continuous Embeddings and Back: Hyperbolic Hierarchical Clustering

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2020-10-03 A propos

UKPLab/sentence-transformers: Sentence Embeddings with BERT & XLNet

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2020-07-14 A propos

How to use BERT for finding similar sentences or similar news? · Issue #876 · huggingface/transformers

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2020-07-12 A propos

BERT Word Embeddings Tutorial · Chris McCormick

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2020-07-06 A propos

Learning to Tag OOV Tokens by Integrating Contextual Representation and Background Knowledge (ACL Anthology 2020)

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Aim to leverage both contextual representation of input text (deep LMs)  and  knowledge derived
from curated KBs ([Wordnet](tag:wordnet)) to improve [slot tagging](tag:slot_tagging) in the presence of [out-of-vocab](tag:oov) words ([few-shot scenario](tag:few_shot_learning))

Method:

1. retrieve potentially relevant KB entities and
encode them into distributed representations that
describe global graph-structured information
2. BERT encoder
layer to capture context-aware representations of
the sequence and attend to the KB embeddings
using multi-level graph attention
3. integrate
BERT embeddings and the KB embeddings
to predict the slot type

Contributions:

1. feasibility of applying lexical ontology
to facilitate recognizing OOV words. First to consider the large-scale background
knowledge for enhancing context-aware
slot tagging models.
2. a knowledge integration mechanism that uses multi-level graph
attention to model explicit lexical relations.
3.experiments on two benchmark datasets

> our method makes a notable difference in a
scenario where samples are linguistically diverse,
and large vocab exists.

(Better improvements when using RNN than BERT, because BERT already contains a lot of background knowledge)

2020-07-04 A propos

[1909.04164] Knowledge Enhanced Contextual Word Representations

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2020-05-13 A propos

[2004.14958] A Call for More Rigor in Unsupervised Cross-lingual Learning

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2020-05-02 A propos

Unsupervised NER using BERT - Hands-on NLP model review - Quora

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2020-03-06 A propos

[2002.11402] Detecting Potential Topics In News Using BERT, CRF and Wikipedia

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2020-02-27 A propos

Paris NLP Season 4 Meetup #3 – Paris NLP (2020)

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2020-01-23 A propos

Named Entity Recognition with Bert – Depends on the definition

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2020-01-09 A propos

[1902.10909] BERT for Joint Intent Classification and Slot Filling

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2020-01-09 A propos

Richer Sentence Embeddings using Sentence-BERT — Part I

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Sentence-BERT

2020-01-06 A propos

Lecture 14 – Contextual Vectors | Stanford CS224U: Natural Language Understanding | Spring 2019

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2020-01-05 A propos

Subspace clustering - Towards Data Science

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Subspace clustering

2019-12-11 A propos

Correlation clustering - Wikipedia

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Clustering

2019-12-11 A propos

[1707.00306] Variable Selection Methods for Model-based Clustering

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2019-12-11 A propos

CONCEPTUAL GROUNDING FOR TEXT REPRESENTATION LEARNING

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2019-12-03 A propos

Clustering of semantically enriched short texts (2019)

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2019-11-15 A propos

Efficient multi-lingual language model fine-tuning · fast.ai NLP

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2019-10-22 A propos

[1908.10084] Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks

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2019-08-28 A propos

[1905.07129] ERNIE: Enhanced Language Representation with Informative Entities

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2019-08-05 A propos

20% Accuracy Bump in Text Classification with ME-ULMFiT

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2019-06-23 A propos

[1906.02715] Visualizing and Measuring the Geometry of BERT

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2019-06-07 A propos

"I made a bet that a Naive Bayes classifier would work as well on humor recognition as a neural net with fine-tuned Bert embeddings. I won"

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2019-06-06 A propos

Knowledge-Based Short Text Categorization Using Entity and Category Embedding | Springer for Research & Development (2019)

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2019-05-30 A propos

Extreme Rare Event Classification using Autoencoders in Keras (2019)

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2019-05-22 A propos

A Technique for Building NLP Classifiers Efficiently with Transfer Learning and Weak Supervision

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2019-05-22 A propos

[1904.08398] DocBERT: BERT for Document Classification

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2019-04-18 A propos

kheyer/Genomic-ULMFiT: ULMFiT for Genomic Sequence Data

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2019-04-02 A propos

[1902.11269] Efficient Contextual Representation Learning Without Softmax Layer

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**how to accelerate contextual representation learning**.

> Contextual representation models are difficult to train due to the large parameter sizes and high computational complexity

> We find that the softmax layer (the output layer) causes significant inefficiency due to the large vocabulary size.
Therefore, we redesign the learning objectiv.
> Specifically, the proposed approach bypasses the softmax layer by performing language modeling with dimension reduction, and allows the models to leverage pre-trained word embeddings.
Our framework reduces the time spent on the output layer to a negligible level, eliminates almost all the trainable parameters of the softmax layer and performs language modeling without truncating the vocabulary.
When applied to ELMo, our method achieves a 4 times speedup and eliminates 80% trainable parameters while achieving competitive performance on downstream tasks.

**decouples learning contexts and words**

> Instead of using
a softmax layer to predict the distribution of the
missing word, we utilize and extend the SEMFIT
layer (Kumar and Tsvetkov, 2018) to **predict the
embedding of the missing word**.

2019-03-02 A propos

[Jaeyoung2018] Patent Document Clustering with Deep Embeddings

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2019-02-23 A propos

[1511.06335] Unsupervised Deep Embedding for Clustering Analysis

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2019-02-19 A propos

[1812.04616] Von Mises-Fisher Loss for Training Sequence to Sequence Models with Continuous Outputs

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2018-12-14 A propos

The Illustrated BERT, ELMo, and co. (How NLP Cracked Transfer Learning) – Jay Alammar

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2018-12-03 A propos

Tutorial on Text Classification (NLP) using ULMFiT and fastai Library in Python - Analytics Vidhya

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2018-12-01 A propos

[1811.05370] Unsupervised Transfer Learning for Spoken Language Understanding in Intelligent Agents

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2018-11-20 A propos

Associative Multichannel Autoencoder for Multimodal Word Representation (2018)

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2018-11-15 A propos

iliaschalkidis/ELMo-keras: Re-implementation of ELMo on Keras

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2018-11-14 A propos

[1810.04805] BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding

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2018-10-12 A propos

Can Global Semantic Context Improve Neural Language Models? - Apple (2018)

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2018-09-27 A propos

Linear algebraic structure of word meanings – Off the convex path

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2018-09-20 A propos

AI Can Recognize Images, But Text Has Been Tricky—Until Now | WIRED

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2018-09-08 A propos

[1601.03764] Linear Algebraic Structure of Word Senses, with Applications to Polysemy

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> Here it is shown that multiple word senses reside
in linear superposition within the word
embedding and simple sparse coding can recover
vectors that approximately capture the
senses

> Each extracted word sense is accompanied by one of about  2000 “discourse atoms” that gives a succinct description of which other words co-occur with that word sense.

> The success of the approach is mathematically explained using a variant of
the random walk on discourses model

("random walk": a generative model for language). Under the assumptions of this model,  there
exists a linear relationship between the vector of a
word w and the vectors of the words in its contexts (It is not the average of the words in w's context, but in a given corpus the matrix of the linear relationship does not depend on w. It can be estimated, and so we can compute the embedding of a word from the contexts it belongs to)

[Related blog post](/doc/?uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.offconvex.org%2F2016%2F07%2F10%2Fembeddingspolysemy%2F)

2018-08-28 A propos

[1807.03748] Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Coding

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2018-07-21 A propos

[1806.06259] Evaluation of sentence embeddings in downstream and linguistic probing tasks

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2018-06-19 A propos

How to do Unsupervised Clustering with Keras – Chengwei Zhang – Medium

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2018-06-09 A propos

What a Disentangled Net We Weave: Representation Learning in VAEs (Pt. 1)

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2018-05-29 A propos

Convolutional Neural Networks on Graphs

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2018-05-05 A propos

A Tutorial on Spectral Clustering

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Spectral clustering

2018-05-05 A propos

In Depth: Gaussian Mixture Models | Python Data Science Handbook

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The non-probabilistic nature of [k-means](/tag/k_means_clustering) and its use of simple distance-from-cluster-center to assign cluster membership leads to poor performance for many real-world situations. We take a look at Gaussian mixture models (GMMs), which can be viewed as an extension of the ideas behind k-means, but can also be a powerful tool for estimation beyond simple clustering.

A Gaussian mixture model (GMM) attempts to find a mixture of multi-dimensional Gaussian probability distributions that best model any input dataset. In the simplest case, GMMs can be used for finding clusters in the same manner as k-means.

But because GMM contains a probabilistic model under the hood, it is also possible to find probabilistic cluster assignments (in Scikit-Learn, using predict_proba)

> Though GMM is often categorized as a clustering algorithm, fundamentally it is an algorithm for density estimation. That is to say, the result of a GMM fit to some data is technically not a clustering model, but a generative probabilistic model describing the distribution of the data.

-> a natural means of determining the optimal number of components for a given dataset

2018-03-16 A propos

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for Feature Selection and some of its Pitfalls · Johannes Otterbach

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2018-03-05 A propos

ELMo: Deep contextualized word representations (2018)

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ELMo

2018-02-16 A propos

[1801.06146] Universal Language Model Fine-tuning for Text Classification

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2018-01-19 A propos

Modifications for the Cluster Content Discovery and the Cluster Label Induction Phases of the Lingo Algorithm (2014)

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Lingo

2017-11-11 A propos

[1602.06797] Semi-supervised Clustering for Short Text via Deep Representation Learning

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2017-11-07 A propos

Semantic Enriched Short Text Clustering | SpringerLink

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Short Text Clustering

2017-11-07 A propos

[1701.00185] Self-Taught Convolutional Neural Networks for Short Text Clustering

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2017-11-04 A propos

[1710.04087] Word Translation Without Parallel Data

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2017-10-14 A propos

Lingo: Search Results Clustering Algorithm Based on Singular Value Decomposition (slides)

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2017-07-11 A propos

Lingo: Search Results Clustering Algorithm Based on Singular Value Decomposition (2004) (paper)

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2017-07-11 A propos

Hierarchical clustering in Python and beyond

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2017-07-11 A propos

Document Clustering with Python

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2017-06-28 A propos

Document Representation and Dimension Reduction for Text Clustering

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2017-06-24 A propos

Understanding Dimensionality Reduction and its Applications - Dataconomy

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2017-06-24 A propos

Computational Neuroscience: Why does the brain adopt mechanisms like sparse coding to represent the environment? - Quora

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2017-06-19 A propos

Lingo3G or Carrot2? | Carrot Search

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Carrot2

2017-06-04 A propos

Carrot2 manual

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Carrot2

2017-05-23 A propos

Carrot2: Text Clustering Algorithms and Applications

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2017-05-23 A propos

Result Clustering - Apache Solr Reference Guide - Apache Software Foundation

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2017-05-23 A propos

Lingo3G: real-time text clustering engine | Carrot Search

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2017-05-22 A propos

What are the best open source tools for unsupervised clustering of text documents? - Quora

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Clustering of text documents

2017-05-22 A propos

Quick review on Text Clustering and Text Similarity Approaches

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Author: Maali Mnasri (PhD @ CEA)

First transform text units to vectors? not always (eg. sentence similarity task using lexical word alignment). But vectors are efficient to process, and benefit from existing clustering algorithms such as k-means.

Sentence level or document level? Sentence clustering to summarise large documents.

Thematic clustering vs Semantic clustering: depends on the similarity measure.

Text similarity measures:

- Cosine similarity of tf-idf (suitable to produce thematic clusters)
- Knowledge-based Measures (wordNet) (quantify semantic relatedness of words),
- Word embedings

Examples, sample code:

- using wordnet with NLTK, and the formula to compute sentence similarities from word similarities.
- computing similarities between docs using gensim/word2vec

Which clustering algorithm?

- when we have an approximation of the clusters number, and when the similarity measure is not expensive in terms of computation time, clustering algo are suitable and fast. Sample code of k-means clustering using tf-idf vectors with scikit-learn
- Hierarchical clustering algorithms
    - don't need to give the number of clusters
    - but time consuming (calculate a similarity matrix for the sentences) 
- for voluminous data, use an incremental clustering algorithm: sentences are processed one at a time ; each new sentence is compared to each of the already formed clusters.

2017-05-18 A propos

Obstacles on the Path to AI

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2015-10-24 A propos

Bay Area Vision Meeting: Unsupervised Feature Learning and Deep Learning - YouTube

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