Semanlink - NTIC ; Arxiv Doc AND Structured knowledge

[2311.07509] A Benchmark to Understand the Role of Knowledge Graphs on Large Language Model's Accuracy for Question Answering on Enterprise SQL Databases

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2023-11-21 About

[2210.13952] KnowGL: Knowledge Generation and Linking from Text

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2022-11-13 About

[2205.00820] Entity-aware Transformers for Entity Search

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2022-07-12 About

[2205.15952] Knowledge Graph -- Deep Learning: A Case Study in Question Answering in Aviation Safety Domain

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2022-06-11 About

[2205.08184] SKILL: Structured Knowledge Infusion for Large Language Models

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2022-05-18 About

[2110.08151] mLUKE: The Power of Entity Representations in Multilingual Pretrained Language Models

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[Ikuya Yamada sur Twitter : "Is entity representation effective to improve multilingual language models?..."](doc:2022/04/ikuya_yamada_sur_twitter_is_)

> Recent studies have shown that multilingual pretrained language models can be effectively improved with cross-lingual alignment information from Wikipedia entities. However, **existing methods only exploit entity information in pretraining and do not explicitly use entities in downstream tasks**. In this study, we explore the **effectiveness of leveraging entity representations for downstream cross-lingual tasks**.
>
> the key insight is that incorporating entity representations into the input allows us to extract more language-agnostic features.

[Github](https://github.com/studio-ousia/luke)

> Entity representations are known to enhance
language models in mono-lingual settings
(Zhang et al., 2019: [ERNIE](tag:ernie.html); Peters et al., 2019:  [[1909.04164] Knowledge Enhanced Contextual Word Representations](doc:2020/05/1909_04164_knowledge_enhanced); Wang et al.,
2021 [[1911.06136] KEPLER: A Unified Model for Knowledge Embedding and Pre-trained Language Representation](doc:2020/11/1911_06136_kepler_a_unified_); Xiong et al., 2020; Yamada et al., 2020: [[2010.01057] LUKE: Deep Contextualized Entity Representations with Entity-aware Self-attention](doc:2020/11/2010_01057_luke_deep_context))
presumably by introducing real-world knowledge.
We show that using entity representations facilitates
cross-lingual transfer by providing languageindependent
features.
>
> Multilingual extension of LUKE. The model is trained with the multilingual
masked language modeling (MLM) task as well
as the masked entity prediction (MEP) task with
Wikipedia entity embeddings

> We investigate two ways of using the entity representations
in cross-lingual transfer tasks:
> 1. perform
entity linking for the input text, and append
the detected entity tokens to the input sequence.
The entity tokens are expected to provide language independent
features to the model
> 2. use the entity
[MASK] token from the MEP task as a languageindependent
feature extractor.

2022-04-17 About

[2102.07043] Reasoning Over Virtual Knowledge Bases With Open Predicate Relations

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> a method for constructing **a virtual KB (VKB) trained entirely from text**

Open Predicate Query Language (OPQL): constructing a virtual knowledge base (VKB) that supports KB reasoning & open-domain QA, tackling the incompleteness of knowledge bases by constructing a virtual KB only from text

> OPQL constructs
a VKB by **encoding and indexing a set of
relation mentions** in a way that naturally enables
reasoning and can be trained without any structured
supervision.

> can be used
as an **external memory integrated into a language
model**

cf. this earlier paper [[2002.10640] Differentiable Reasoning over a Virtual Knowledge Base](doc:2020/07/2002_10640_differentiable_rea). But does not require an initial structured KB for distant
supervision.

> The key idea in constructing the OPQL VKB is to use a
dual-encoder pre-training process, similar to 
[[1906.03158] Matching the Blanks: Distributional Similarity for Relation Learning](doc:2021/05/1906_03158_matching_the_blank)

Related work section refers to [[1909.04164] Knowledge Enhanced Contextual Word Representations](doc:2020/05/1909_04164_knowledge_enhanced). Also refers to [[2007.00849] Facts as Experts: Adaptable and Interpretable Neural Memory over Symbolic Knowledge](doc:2020/07/2007_00849_facts_as_experts_) (some authors in common)

2021-06-20 About

[1410.5859] Towards a Model Theory for Distributed Representations

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2021-06-10 About

[1911.03681] E-BERT: Efficient-Yet-Effective Entity Embeddings for BERT

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> way of **injecting factual knowledge about entities into the pretrained BERT model**.

(Feeding entity vectors
into BERT as if they
were wordpiece vectors without additional encoder
pretraining)

>
> **We align [Wikipedia2Vec](tag:wikipedia2vec) entity vectors (Yamada et al., 2016) with BERT's native wordpiece vector space and use the aligned entity vectors as if they were wordpiece vectors**. The resulting entity-enhanced version of BERT (called E-BERT) is similar in spirit to [ERNIE](tag:ernie) (Zhang et al., 2019) and [KnowBert](tag:knowbert) (Peters et al., 2019), but it **requires no expensive further pretraining of the BERT encoder**.
>
> Our vector space alignment strategy is inspired by
cross-lingual word vector alignment

Related work on Entity-enhanced BERT:

> ([ERNIE](doc:2019/08/_1905_07129_ernie_enhanced_la) and [Knowbert](doc:2020/05/1909_04164_knowledge_enhanced)) are based on the design principle
that BERT be adapted to entity vectors. They introduce
new encoder layers to feed pretrained entity
vectors into the Transformer, and they require additional
pretraining to integrate the new parameters.
In contrast, E-BERT’s design principle is that entity
vectors be adapted to BERT.
>
> Two other knowledge-enhanced MLMs are [KEPLER](doc:2020/11/1911_06136_kepler_a_unified_)
(Wang et al., 2019c) and K-Adapter (Wang
et al., 2020)... Their factual knowledge
does not stem from entity vectors – instead, they
are trained in a multi-task setting on relation classification
and knowledge base completion.

Not to be cofounded with [[2009.02835] E-BERT: A Phrase and Product Knowledge Enhanced Language Model for E-commerce](doc:2020/12/2009_02835_e_bert_a_phrase_a)

2021-01-12 About

[2009.02835] E-BERT: A Phrase and Product Knowledge Enhanced Language Model for E-commerce

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2020-12-14 About

[2010.01057] LUKE: Deep Contextualized Entity Representations with Entity-aware Self-attention

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2020-11-26 About

[2010.03496] Inductive Entity Representations from Text via Link Prediction

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BLP "BERT for Link Prediction". Central idea: **training an entity encoder with a
link prediction objective** (using the textual descriptions of entities when computing entity representations - hence not failing with entities unknown in training)

> a method for **learning representations
of entities**, that uses a **pre-trained Transformer** based
architecture as an entity encoder, and
**link prediction training on a knowledge graph
with textual entity descriptions**.

> using entity descriptions,
an entity encoder is trained for link prediction in
a knowledge graph. The encoder can then be used
without fine-tuning to obtain features for entity classification
and information retrieval

Cites [Xie et al](doc:2020/10/representation_learning_of_know) and [Kepler](doc:2020/11/1911_06136_kepler_a_unified_). They claim that their
objective targeted exclusively for link prediction (and not an objective that combines language modeling
and link prediction as Kepler)
performs better than Kepler's more complex one.

2020-11-03 About

[2010.00402] From Trees to Continuous Embeddings and Back: Hyperbolic Hierarchical Clustering

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2020-10-03 About

[2009.07938] Type-augmented Relation Prediction in Knowledge Graphs

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2020-09-19 About

[2009.00318] More is not Always Better: The Negative Impact of A-box Materialization on RDF2vec Knowledge Graph Embeddings

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2020-09-02 About

[1909.01259] Neural Attentive Bag-of-Entities Model for Text Classification

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A model that performs **text classification using entities in a knowledge base**.

> Entities provide unambiguous and relevant semantic signals that are beneficial for capturing semantics in texts. We combine **simple high-recall entity detection based on a dictionary** (word->list of entities), to detect entities in a document, with a novel neural **attention mechanism that enables the model to focus on a small number of unambiguous and relevant entities**.

2 steps:

1. Entity detection
2. Classification using the detected entities (+text) as inputs

Regarding entity linking, a local model which uses cosine
similarity between the embedding of the target
entity and the word-based representation of
the document to capture the relevance of an entity
given a document.

Embeddings from the KB: computed using [#Wikipedia2Vec](tag:wikipedia2vec) (similar words and entities
close to one another in a unified vector space)

Model using attention, with 2 features :

- cosine similarity between the
embedding of the entity and the word based
representation of the document
- the probability that the entity
name refers to the entity in KB.

Somewhat [related](doc:2020/01/investigating_entity_knowledge_)

### Conclusion:

>a neural
network model that performs text classification using
entities in Wikipedia. We combined simple
dictionary-based entity detection with a neural attention
mechanism to enable the model to focus
on a small number of unambiguous and relevant
entities in a document.

2020-09-02 About

[1812.06280] Wikipedia2Vec: An Efficient Toolkit for Learning and Visualizing the Embeddings of Words and Entities from Wikipedia

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2020-09-02 About

[2004.07202] Entities as Experts: Sparse Memory Access with Entity Supervision

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2020-07-11 About

[2007.00849] Facts as Experts: Adaptable and Interpretable Neural Memory over Symbolic Knowledge

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> a neural language model that includes **an explicit interface between symbolically interpretable factual information and subsymbolic neural knowledge.**... **The model can be updated without re-training by manipulating its symbolic representations**. In particular this model allows us to add new facts and overwrite existing ones.

> a **neural language model which learns to access information
in a symbolic knowledge graph.**

> This
model builds on the recently-proposed [Entities as
Experts](doc:2020/07/2004_07202_entities_as_expert) (EaE) language model (Févry et al., 2020),
which extends the same transformer (Vaswani
et al., 2017) architecture of BERT (Devlin et al., 2019) with an additional external memory for entities.
>
> After training EaE, the embedding associated
with an entity will (ideally) capture information
about the textual context in which that
entity appears, and by inference, the entity’s semantic
properties
>
> we include an additional
memory called a fact memory, which encodes
triples from a symbolic KB.
>
> This combination results in a
neural language model which learns to access information
in a the symbolic knowledge graph.

TODO:

- read again IBM's [Span Selection Pre-training for Question Answering](doc:2019/09/_1909_04120_span_selection_pre) ("an effort to avoid encoding general knowledge in the transformer network itself")
- compare with [[1907.05242] Large Memory Layers with Product Keys](doc:2019/07/_1907_05242_large_memory_layer)
- how does it relate with [[2002.08909] REALM: Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Pre-Training](doc:2020/12/2002_08909_realm_retrieval_a)?

2020-07-09 About

[1909.04164] Knowledge Enhanced Contextual Word Representations

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