Semanlink - Deep Learning AND Language Models + Knowledge

> we propose to
leverage the factual knowledge from KGs to enhance LLMs,
while still benefiting from circumventing the burdensome
training expenses by using pre-trained LLMs

> Graph Neural Prompting
(GNP), a plug-and-play method to assist pre-trained
LLMs in learning beneficial knowledge from KGs
>
> GNP
encodes the pertinent grounded knowledge and complex
structural information to derive Graph Neural Prompt, an
embedding vector that can be sent into LLMs to provide
guidance and instructions

> - GNP first utilizes
a GNN to capture and encode the
intricate graph knowledge into **entity/node embeddings**. 
> - Then,
a cross-modality pooling module is present to determine
the **most relevant node embeddings in relation to the text
input**, and consolidate these node embeddings into **a holistic
graph-level embedding**.
> - After that, GNP encompasses a
**domain projector** to bridge the inherent disparities between
the graph and text domains.
> - Finally, a **self-supervised link
prediction objective** is introduced to enhance the model
comprehension of relationships between entities and capture
graph knowledge in a self-supervised manner.

2023-09-28 A propos

Inside DSPy: The New Language Model Programming Framework You Need… – Towards AI

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DSPy (Demonstrate-Search-Predict)

2023-09-06 A propos

Omar Khattab sur X : "Announcing 𝗗𝗦𝗣y..."

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2023-08-24 A propos

Knowledge Graph RAG Query Engine - LlamaIndex

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2023-08-17 A propos

Jerry Liu on X: “Graph RAG” in @llama_index: a new method of augmenting LLMs with context from a graph database

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2023-08-17 A propos

GitHub - neo4j/NaLLM: Repository for the NaLLM project

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2023-08-14 A propos

Knowledge Graphs & LLMs: Fine-Tuning Vs. Retrieval-Augmented Generation | by Tomaz Bratanic | Neo4j Developer Blog (June 6 2023)

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2023-08-13 A propos

ML Blog - Improve ChatGPT with Knowledge Graphs

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2023-07-04 A propos

[2212.14024] Demonstrate-Search-Predict: Composing retrieval and language models for knowledge-intensive NLP

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2023-06-23 A propos

[2306.08302] Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap

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2023-06-18 A propos

Jerry Liu sur Twitter : "The DSP project carries a lot of insights for improving RAG..."

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2023-06-18 A propos

Retrieval-augmented LMs, and prompting

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2023-06-16 A propos

Daniel Daza sur Twitter : "BioBLP, a method for learning embeddings on multimodal knowledge graphs...."

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2023-06-07 A propos

LangChain Retrieval Webinar - YouTube

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2023-05-27 A propos

Jerry Liu sur Twitter : "To evaluate retrieval-augmented LLM’s, we can compare the query/response/source context to see if they match. We just added this to @gpt_index..."

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2023-04-11 A propos

stanfordnlp/dspy: 𝗗𝗦𝗣: Demonstrate-Search-Predict. A framework for composing retrieval and language models for knowledge-intensive NLP.

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2023-02-18 A propos

deepset sur Twitter : " Generative models have taken the world of NLP by storm. But LLMs do not know about your personal data. This makes personal assistants, enterprise knowledge management and many other applications challenging. Retrieval augmented pipelines are the answer"

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2023-02-02 A propos

Akari Asai sur Twitter : "Can we solely rely on LLMs’ memories (eg replace search w ChatGPT)? Probably not... Our analysis shows how retrieval is complementary to LLMs’ parametric knowledge..."

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2022-12-21 A propos

[2207.06300] Re2G: Retrieve, Rerank, Generate

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2022-07-14 A propos

[2205.00820] Entity-aware Transformers for Entity Search

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2022-07-12 A propos

[2205.08184] SKILL: Structured Knowledge Infusion for Large Language Models

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2022-05-18 A propos

[2205.04260] EASE: Entity-Aware Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embedding

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2022-05-11 A propos

[2110.08151] mLUKE: The Power of Entity Representations in Multilingual Pretrained Language Models

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[Ikuya Yamada sur Twitter : "Is entity representation effective to improve multilingual language models?..."](doc:2022/04/ikuya_yamada_sur_twitter_is_)

> Recent studies have shown that multilingual pretrained language models can be effectively improved with cross-lingual alignment information from Wikipedia entities. However, **existing methods only exploit entity information in pretraining and do not explicitly use entities in downstream tasks**. In this study, we explore the **effectiveness of leveraging entity representations for downstream cross-lingual tasks**.
>
> the key insight is that incorporating entity representations into the input allows us to extract more language-agnostic features.

[Github](https://github.com/studio-ousia/luke)

> Entity representations are known to enhance
language models in mono-lingual settings
(Zhang et al., 2019: [ERNIE](tag:ernie.html); Peters et al., 2019:  [[1909.04164] Knowledge Enhanced Contextual Word Representations](doc:2020/05/1909_04164_knowledge_enhanced); Wang et al.,
2021 [[1911.06136] KEPLER: A Unified Model for Knowledge Embedding and Pre-trained Language Representation](doc:2020/11/1911_06136_kepler_a_unified_); Xiong et al., 2020; Yamada et al., 2020: [[2010.01057] LUKE: Deep Contextualized Entity Representations with Entity-aware Self-attention](doc:2020/11/2010_01057_luke_deep_context))
presumably by introducing real-world knowledge.
We show that using entity representations facilitates
cross-lingual transfer by providing languageindependent
features.
>
> Multilingual extension of LUKE. The model is trained with the multilingual
masked language modeling (MLM) task as well
as the masked entity prediction (MEP) task with
Wikipedia entity embeddings

> We investigate two ways of using the entity representations
in cross-lingual transfer tasks:
> 1. perform
entity linking for the input text, and append
the detected entity tokens to the input sequence.
The entity tokens are expected to provide language independent
features to the model
> 2. use the entity
[MASK] token from the MEP task as a languageindependent
feature extractor.

2022-04-17 A propos

Ikuya Yamada sur Twitter : "Is entity representation effective to improve multilingual language models?..."

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2022-04-13 A propos

Building Transformer-Based Entity Linking System | by izuna385 | Medium (2021)

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2022-03-23 A propos

Studio Ousia sur Twitter : "Now using LUKE is easier than ever!" / Twitter

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2022-03-15 A propos

[2108.13934] Robust Retrieval Augmented Generation for Zero-shot Slot Filling

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2022-01-19 A propos

[2012.02558] Pre-trained language models as knowledge bases for Automotive Complaint Analysis

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2021-04-11 A propos

Hugging Face sur Twitter : "Transformers release of the Retrieval-Augmented Generation model in collaboration with @facebookai!"

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2021-02-23 A propos

Retrieval Augmented Generation with Huggingface Transformers and Ray | Distributed Computing with Ray

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2021-02-11 A propos

Language Models are Open Knowledge Graphs... but are hard to mine - Towards Data Science

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2021-01-17 A propos

[1911.03681] E-BERT: Efficient-Yet-Effective Entity Embeddings for BERT

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> way of **injecting factual knowledge about entities into the pretrained BERT model**.

(Feeding entity vectors
into BERT as if they
were wordpiece vectors without additional encoder
pretraining)

>
> **We align [Wikipedia2Vec](tag:wikipedia2vec) entity vectors (Yamada et al., 2016) with BERT's native wordpiece vector space and use the aligned entity vectors as if they were wordpiece vectors**. The resulting entity-enhanced version of BERT (called E-BERT) is similar in spirit to [ERNIE](tag:ernie) (Zhang et al., 2019) and [KnowBert](tag:knowbert) (Peters et al., 2019), but it **requires no expensive further pretraining of the BERT encoder**.
>
> Our vector space alignment strategy is inspired by
cross-lingual word vector alignment

Related work on Entity-enhanced BERT:

> ([ERNIE](doc:2019/08/_1905_07129_ernie_enhanced_la) and [Knowbert](doc:2020/05/1909_04164_knowledge_enhanced)) are based on the design principle
that BERT be adapted to entity vectors. They introduce
new encoder layers to feed pretrained entity
vectors into the Transformer, and they require additional
pretraining to integrate the new parameters.
In contrast, E-BERT’s design principle is that entity
vectors be adapted to BERT.
>
> Two other knowledge-enhanced MLMs are [KEPLER](doc:2020/11/1911_06136_kepler_a_unified_)
(Wang et al., 2019c) and K-Adapter (Wang
et al., 2020)... Their factual knowledge
does not stem from entity vectors – instead, they
are trained in a multi-task setting on relation classification
and knowledge base completion.

Not to be cofounded with [[2009.02835] E-BERT: A Phrase and Product Knowledge Enhanced Language Model for E-commerce](doc:2020/12/2009_02835_e_bert_a_phrase_a)

2021-01-12 A propos

[2009.02835] E-BERT: A Phrase and Product Knowledge Enhanced Language Model for E-commerce

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2020-12-14 A propos

Supporting content decision makers with machine learning | Dec, 2020 | Netflix TechBlog

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2020-12-11 A propos

[2010.01057] LUKE: Deep Contextualized Entity Representations with Entity-aware Self-attention

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2020-11-26 A propos

Knowledge Graphs in NLP @ EMNLP 2020 | by Michael Galkin | Nov, 2020 | Medium

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2020-11-24 A propos

raphaelsty/ckb: Contextual knowledge bases

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2020-11-09 A propos

[2010.03496] Inductive Entity Representations from Text via Link Prediction

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BLP "BERT for Link Prediction". Central idea: **training an entity encoder with a
link prediction objective** (using the textual descriptions of entities when computing entity representations - hence not failing with entities unknown in training)

> a method for **learning representations
of entities**, that uses a **pre-trained Transformer** based
architecture as an entity encoder, and
**link prediction training on a knowledge graph
with textual entity descriptions**.

> using entity descriptions,
an entity encoder is trained for link prediction in
a knowledge graph. The encoder can then be used
without fine-tuning to obtain features for entity classification
and information retrieval

Cites [Xie et al](doc:2020/10/representation_learning_of_know) and [Kepler](doc:2020/11/1911_06136_kepler_a_unified_). They claim that their
objective targeted exclusively for link prediction (and not an objective that combines language modeling
and link prediction as Kepler)
performs better than Kepler's more complex one.

2020-11-03 A propos

[2010.11967] Language Models are Open Knowledge Graphs

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2020-10-26 A propos

[2004.07202] Entities as Experts: Sparse Memory Access with Entity Supervision

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2020-07-11 A propos

[2007.00849] Facts as Experts: Adaptable and Interpretable Neural Memory over Symbolic Knowledge

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> a neural language model that includes **an explicit interface between symbolically interpretable factual information and subsymbolic neural knowledge.**... **The model can be updated without re-training by manipulating its symbolic representations**. In particular this model allows us to add new facts and overwrite existing ones.

> a **neural language model which learns to access information
in a symbolic knowledge graph.**

> This
model builds on the recently-proposed [Entities as
Experts](doc:2020/07/2004_07202_entities_as_expert) (EaE) language model (Févry et al., 2020),
which extends the same transformer (Vaswani
et al., 2017) architecture of BERT (Devlin et al., 2019) with an additional external memory for entities.
>
> After training EaE, the embedding associated
with an entity will (ideally) capture information
about the textual context in which that
entity appears, and by inference, the entity’s semantic
properties
>
> we include an additional
memory called a fact memory, which encodes
triples from a symbolic KB.
>
> This combination results in a
neural language model which learns to access information
in a the symbolic knowledge graph.

TODO:

- read again IBM's [Span Selection Pre-training for Question Answering](doc:2019/09/_1909_04120_span_selection_pre) ("an effort to avoid encoding general knowledge in the transformer network itself")
- compare with [[1907.05242] Large Memory Layers with Product Keys](doc:2019/07/_1907_05242_large_memory_layer)
- how does it relate with [[2002.08909] REALM: Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Pre-Training](doc:2020/12/2002_08909_realm_retrieval_a)?

2020-07-09 A propos

Learning to Tag OOV Tokens by Integrating Contextual Representation and Background Knowledge (ACL Anthology 2020)

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Aim to leverage both contextual representation of input text (deep LMs)  and  knowledge derived
from curated KBs ([Wordnet](tag:wordnet)) to improve [slot tagging](tag:slot_tagging) in the presence of [out-of-vocab](tag:oov) words ([few-shot scenario](tag:few_shot_learning))

Method:

1. retrieve potentially relevant KB entities and
encode them into distributed representations that
describe global graph-structured information
2. BERT encoder
layer to capture context-aware representations of
the sequence and attend to the KB embeddings
using multi-level graph attention
3. integrate
BERT embeddings and the KB embeddings
to predict the slot type

Contributions:

1. feasibility of applying lexical ontology
to facilitate recognizing OOV words. First to consider the large-scale background
knowledge for enhancing context-aware
slot tagging models.
2. a knowledge integration mechanism that uses multi-level graph
attention to model explicit lexical relations.
3.experiments on two benchmark datasets

> our method makes a notable difference in a
scenario where samples are linguistically diverse,
and large vocab exists.

(Better improvements when using RNN than BERT, because BERT already contains a lot of background knowledge)

2020-07-04 A propos

[1909.04164] Knowledge Enhanced Contextual Word Representations

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2020-05-13 A propos

[1906.07241] Barack's Wife Hillary: Using Knowledge-Graphs for Fact-Aware Language Modeling

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2020-05-11 A propos

[1911.03814] Scalable Zero-shot Entity Linking with Dense Entity Retrieval

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2020-05-02 A propos

[1911.00172] Generalization through Memorization: Nearest Neighbor Language Models

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2019-12-20 A propos

[1909.04120] Span Selection Pre-training for Question Answering

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> a **new pre-training task inspired by reading
comprehension** and an **effort to avoid encoding general knowledge in the transformer network itself**

Current transformer architectures store general knowledge -> large models, long pre-training time. Better to offload the requirement of general knowledge to a sparsely activated network.

"Span selection" as an additional auxiliary task: the query is a sentence drawn from a corpus
with a term replaced with a special token: [BLANK]. The term replaced by the blank is the answer term. The passage is
relevant as determined by a BM25 search, and answer-bearing (containing the answer
term). Unlike BERT’s cloze task, where the answer must be drawn from the model itself, the answer is found in a passage
using language understanding.

> **We hope to progress to a model of general purpose language modeling that uses an indexed long
term memory to retrieve world knowledge, rather than holding it in the densely activated transformer encoder layers.**

2019-09-18 A propos

[1909.01066] Language Models as Knowledge Bases?

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2019-09-05 A propos

[1905.07129] ERNIE: Enhanced Language Representation with Informative Entities

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2019-08-05 A propos